BULLETIN  35 


REPORT  OF  THE  1912  INSPECTION  OF 
THE  PITTSBURGH  TEST  FENCE, 

INCLUDING  THE  REPAINTING  TESTS 
AND  THE  NEW  TESTS. 


SCIENTIFIC  SECTION 

HENRY  A.  GARDNER,  Director 


EDUCATIONAL  BUREAU 

PAINT  M’F’RS  ASSOCIATION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
PHILADELPHIA,  PA. 


Copyright.  1913,  by  H.  a.  Gardner 


Jr* 


if 


■ 

B 


BULLETIN  35 


REPORT  OF  THE  1912  INSPECTION  OF 
THE  PITTSBURGH  TEST  FENCE, 

INCLUDING  THE  REPAINTING  TESTS 
AND  THE  NEW  TESTS. 


SCIENTIFIC  SECTION 

HENRY  A.  GARDNER.  Director 


EDUCATIONAL  BUREAU 

PAINT  M’F’RS  ASSOCIATION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
PHILADELPHIA,  PA. 


Distributed  by 
G.  B.  HECKEL.  Secretary 
6?6  Bourse  Bldg..  Philadelphia,  Pa. 


Copyright,  1913,  by 
H.  A.  GARDNER 


THE  GETTY  RESEARCH 
INSTITUTE  LI  BRIAR* 


I 


REPORT  OF  THE  1912  INSPECTION  OF  THE 
PITTSBURGH  TEST  FENCE,  INCLUD¬ 
ING  THE  REPAINTING  TESTS 
AND  THE  NEW  TESTS. 


An  inspection  of  the  Pittsburgh  Test  Fence  was 
made  on  August  29, 1912. 

Repainting  Tests.  The  first  set  of  panels  ex¬ 
amined  were  those  which  were  painted  in  Decem¬ 
ber,  1907,  and  exposed  in  January,  1908.  All  of 
those  white-pine  panels  in  this  test,  that  were 
painted  white,  were  prepared  for  repainting  in 
May,  1910,  the  surface  of  each  being  lightly  sand- 
papered  and  brushed  to  remove  loosely  adhering- 
soot  or  dirt.  The  paints  used  in  the  repainting 
tests  were  all  contained  in  original  sealed  and 
labeled  packages,  having  been  kept  under  lock  and 
key  in  a  storage  vault  for  nearly  three  years  and 
being  part  of  the  supply  that  was  originally  used 
in  the  painting  of  the  panels  in  December,  1907. 

FENCE  COMMITTEE.* 

Mr.  Alfred  C.  Rapp,  Chairman  Test  Fence  Committee,  Pittsburgh 
Branch,  Master  Painters’  Association  of  Pennsylvania. 

Mr.  John  Dewar,  Member  Fence  Committee,  Pittsburgh  Branch,  Mas¬ 
ter  Painters’  Association  of  Pennsylvania. 

Dr.  J.  H.  James,  Chairman  Carnegie  Technical  Schools'  Fence  Com¬ 
mittee. 

Mr.  Henry  A.  Gardner,  Assistant  Director,  The  Institute  of  Indus¬ 
trial  Research,  Washington,  D.  C. 

3 


Most  of  these  paints  were  found  in  good  condition 
when  the  packages  were  opened.  Some  of  the 
single  pigment  pastes,  however,  which  had  been 
kept  in  the  old-style  wooden  packages,  were  found 
to  be  hard  and  lumpy.  Leakage  of  the  oil  was 
probably  responsible  for  this  result. 

Reductions,  Application ,  and  Drying.  For  ap¬ 
plication  of  the  first  repainting  coat  of  paint,  a  re¬ 
duction  of  one-half  pint  of  turpentine  and  one- 
half  pint  of  linseed  oil  to  one  gallon  of  paint  was 
used,  with  an  equivalent  amount  in  the  case  of  the 
white  pastes  which  were  broken  up  previous  to  re¬ 
duction,  with  41/2  gallons  of  oil  to  100  pounds  of 
paste.  In  certain  cases,  where  the  surfaces  of  the 
old  paints  were  very  hard,  a  somewhat  higher  re¬ 
duction  was  used,  depending  upon  the  judgment 
of  the  practical  master  painter  to  make  such  re¬ 
duction  as  was  needed.  The  penetration  of  the 
paints  into  the  wood  was  excellent  in  nearly  every 
case,  and  the  drying  proceeded  rapidly.  The  sec¬ 
ond  repainting  coat  was  applied  without  reduction, 
six  days  after  the  first  coat.  This  coat  dried  very 
well  within  twenty-four  hours  after  application. 
The  paints  were  applied  to  the  panels  without  re¬ 
moving  them  from  the  fence. 

Results  of  Inspection.  When  white  paints  are 
exposed  to  atmospheric  conditions  such  as  are 
found  in  Pittsburgh  and  cities  of  great  industrial 
activity,  rapid  darkening  often  ensues.  This  con- 


4 


clition  is  illustrated  in  tlie  photographic  reproduc¬ 
tions  herein  and  is  recorded  on  the  attached  detail 
inspection  chart. 

Those  white  paints  made  of  lead  pigments  and 
zinc  oxide,  with  or  without  a  moderate  percentage 
of  inert  pigments  such  as  barytes,  asbestine,  etc., 
are  in  generally  good  condition,  having  withstood 
for  over  two  years  a  severe  weather  test,  without 
showing  any  decided  indications  of  failure.  One 
of  the  most  noticeable  features  of  the  tests  is  the 
generally  superior  condition  of  the  repainted 
panels,  as  contrasted  with  the  appearance  of  the 
paints  originally  applied  to  the  new  wood,  after 
they  had  been  exposed  but  one  year.  The  single¬ 
pigment  paints,  some  of  which  presented  darkened 
and  checked  surfaces  previous  to  repainting,  are 
showing  in  most  cases  magnification  of  these  de¬ 
fects.  A  detailed  report  of  the  condition  of  each 
panel  is  attached. 

Inspection  of  New  Tests.  The  tests  which  were 
painted  and  exposed  early  in  June,  1909,  consist¬ 
ing  largely  of  various  combinations  of  litliopone 
with  other  white  pigments,  were  also  inspected  on 
August  29tli,  by  the  same  committee  inspecting 
the  repainting  tests.  Although  the  inspection  was 
made  almost  entirely  from  the  panels  painted 
white,  it  was  generally  observed  that  the  tinted 
paints  were  in  a  better  state  of  preservation. 


Considering  the  period  of  time  over  which  these 
new  tests  have  been  exposed,  it  is  fair  to  say  that 
excellent,  results  have  been  obtained  with  those 
white  paints  made  of  a  high  percentage  of  the  lead 
and  zinc  pigments  in  combination,  or  of  a  high  per¬ 
centage  of  lead  and  zinc  pigments  combined  with 
a  moderate  percentage  of  the  inert  pigments. 

Attention  is  called  to  the  detail  photographs  pre¬ 
sented  with  this  report,  which  show  in  a  general 
way  the  condition  of  the  test  panels  at  the  time  of 
inspection.  It  is  to  be  noted,  however,  that  it  is 
not  always  possible  to  illustrate  by  photographic 
means  the  true  color  values  or  surface  conditions 
presented  by  the  various  paints.  On  this  account 
the  reader  is  advised  not  to  give  too  much  consider¬ 
ation  to  the  illustration,  but  to  weigh  carefully  the 
appended  report  of  conditions  at  inspection  when 
forming  a  conclusion  as  to  the  value  of  the  various 
formulas. 


PITTSBURGH  TEST  FENCE. 

PAINTED  DECEMBER,  1907.  EXPOSED  JANUARY,  1908.  REPAINTED  MAY,  1910. 


OLD  TESTS. 


Formula 

No. 


TABLE  OF  RESULTS  OF  INSPECTION  AUGUST,  1912. 
White-pine*  Panels  Painted  White. 


Panel 

No. 


Formulas. 


Basic 

Carbonate 

White 

Lead. 


Zinc 

Oxide. 


Basic 

Sulphate 

White 

Lead. 


% 

1 

2 

30 

2 

4 

50 

3 

6 

20 

4 

8 

48.5 

5 

10 

22 

6 

12 

7 

14 

37 

8 

16 

38 

9 

18 

10 

20 

44 

11 

22 

50 

12 

24 

60 

13 

26 

14 

28 

25 

15 

30 

20 

16 

32 

33 

17 

34 

40 

18 

36 

75 

19 

38 

20 

40 

67.0 

33 

168 

15 

34 

172 

38.95 

35 

173 

37.51 

36 

174 

100 

37 

175 

100 

38 

176 

100 

39 

177 

40 

178 

45 

169 

46 

170 

47 

171 

% 

70 

50 

50 

48.5 

50 

64 

66 

48 

73 

46 

50 

34 

27 

25 

40 

33 

40 

25 

25 

19.5 
30 

33.58 

25.87 


90 

61 

100 


Zinc 

Lead, 

White. 


% 

20 

60 

20 

75 

25 

4.81 

7.84 

100 

Inert  Pigments. 


Calcium 

Carbonate. 


Calcium 

Sulphate. 


% 


30 

100 


% 


10 

3.0 


3 

5 

10 


% 


Magnesium 

Silicate. 


Barium 

Sulphate. 


2G 


% 


36 


10.0 

19.48 

20.36 


10 


Panels  171,  173,  174,  175,  177 — yellow  pine. 


25 

6%  Inert  Pigment. 
10 


3.5 


34 

13 


1.59 

4.21 


39 


Silica. 


% 


14 

25 


30 

1.59 

4.21 


Blanc 

Fixe. 


% 


Eepobt  or  Inspection. 

Panel 

No. 

Formula 

No. 

Chalking. 

Checking. 

Condition. 

Remarks. 

Slight . 

Fairly  good. . . 

2 

i 

ing. 

Heavy . 

Fairly  good. 

4 

2 

Considerable. . 

Good . 

6 

3 

Considerable. . . . 

Slight . 

Good . 

8 

4 

Considers  1>1p 

Some  lateral . 

Fairly  good.  . 

10 

5 

Medium . 

Medium . 

Poor . 

12 

6 

Medium . . . 

Slight  lateral  check- 

Good . 

14 

7 

ing. 

Heavy . 

Slight . 

16 

8 

Medium . 

Considerable  lateral 

Poor . 

18 

9 

checking. 

Slight . 

20 

10 

Medium .... 

None . 

White  . 

22 

11 

Slight . 

24 

12 

None . 

20 

13 

Slight . 

28 

14 

Some  lateral  check- 

30 

15 

ing. 

Medium . 

Good . 

32 

16 

Slight . 

Good . 

34 

17 

Slight . 

Fair.  . .  . 

36 

18 

None . 

38 

19 

Slight . 

40 

20 

Medium . 

Fair . 

168 

33 

None . 

Good . 

^Vbifp  . 

172 

34 

None . 

Good . 

173 

35 

Heavy . 

Fair . 

174 

36 

Considerable . 

Poor . 

175 

37 

Heavy  alligatoring. . . 

Poor . 

176 

38 

Medium . 

Fairly  good . 

177 

39 

Good . 

White . 

178 

40 

Slight. . 

Fair . 

169 

45 

Poor . 

170 

46 

Poor . 

171 

47 

n.. _ -r  - i  ^ ^ 


■ 


. 


■ 

I  ‘  ■  > 

! 
i 


'H 


These  tests  are  all  marked  with  the  capital  letter  N. 


PITTSBURGH  TEST  FENCE. 
NEW  TESTS— EXPOSED  JUNE,  1909. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 
9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 
21 
22 

23 

24 

25 

26 
27* 
28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 


TABLE  OF  RESULTS  OF  INSPECTION  AUGUST,  1912. 
White-pine  Panels  Painted  White — Thbee-coat  Work. 


Formula 

No. 


Panel 

No. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 
9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 
21 
22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 


Formulas. 

Basic 

Carbonate 

White 

Lead. 

Zinc 

Oxide. 

Basic 

Sulphate 

White 

Lead. 

Precipitate 
White 
Lead . 

Zinc 

Lead. 

Litho¬ 

pone. 

Inert  Pigments. 

Calcium 

Carbonate. 

Silica. 

Asbes¬ 

tine. 

China 

Clay. 

Barytes. 

Blanc 

Fixe. 

% 

% 

% 

45 

45 

% 

% 

% 

40 

40 

45 

45 

40 

35 

% 

15 

10 

10 

20 

% 

% 

% 

% 

% 

15 

45 

45 

40 

45 

20 

2 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

50 

30 

- - 

8 

8 

4 

4 

12 

4 

7 

7 

50 

50 

50 

36 

36 

36 

55 

55 

60 

30 

8 

28 

7 

7 

28 

10 

10 

30 

30 

30 

100 

100 

30 

60 

10 

33 

34 

34 

100 

33 

33 

33 

17 

33 

17 

33 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

100 

24 

45 

45 

45 

50 

75 

50 

45 

13 

18 

40 

40 

35 

36 

15 

15 

20 

2 

12 

25 

50 

100 

Report  of  Inspection. 


Chalking. 


Cheeking. 


Medium . 

Heavy . 

Heavy . 

Medium . 

Considerable. 

Considerable. 


Heavy . 


Heavy. 


Slight . 

Very  slight. . 

Medium . 

Medium . 

Very  heavy. . 

Heavy . 

Heavy . 

Medium . 

Considerable . 

Slight . 

Medium . 

Heavy . 

Heavy . 

Heavy . 

Medium . 

Medium . 

Heavy . 


Very  heavy. 


None . 

Heavy,  scaled. 
Heavy,  scaled. 

Slight . 

Considerable . . 
None . 


Heavy . 


Considerable  lateral 
checking. 

Considerable . 

Heavy . 

Medium . 

Slight . 

Heavy . 

Very  slight . 

Slight . 

Medium . 

Slight . 

Deep . 

Slight . 

Considerable . 

Considerable . 

Deep . 

Considerable . 

Medium . 

Heavy . 


Medium . 


General  Condition. 


Very  good. 
Very  poor. 
Very  poor. 

Fair . 

Fair . 

Very  good. 


Poor. 


Poor . 


Poor . 

Poor . 

Poor . 

Fair . 

Poor . 

Good . 

Good . 

Poor . 

Good . 

Very  poor. 

Good . 

Poor . 

Poor . 

Fair . 

Poor . 

Fair . 

Fair . 


Poor. 


*  This  white  lead  made  by  the  Cylinder  Process  without  the  use  of  acetic  acid. 

N.  B. — Notice  is  called  to  the  fact  that  White  Lithopone  Paints,  when  exposed  to  the  weather,  have  not  given  satisfactory  service  upon 
wooden  surfaces.  For  interior  use,  however,  Lithopone  Paints  have  proved  highly  satisfactory  and  very  durable.  Experiments  with 
White  Lithopone  Paints,  made  up  with  special  oils  and  vehicles  designed  to  withstand  exterior  exposure,  are  under  way. 


Inspection  hade  only  on  White  Paints. 

Tinted  Paints  all  in  Superior  Condition  to  Same 
Formulas  in  White. 


Remark-"1. 


Disintegrated . 

Disintegrated . 

Disintegrated . 

Disintegrated . 

Disintegrated . 

Disintegrated . 

Very  white  surface . 

Darkened  surface  caused  by  lithopone  and  lead  mixture. 
Darkened  surface  caused  by  lithopone  and  lead  mixture. 

Slightly  darkened . 

Very  white . 

Disintegrated . 

Disintegrated . 

Disintegrated . 

Disintegrated . 

Transparent . 

Semi-transparent . 

Semi-transparent . 

Surface  very  rough  and  darkened . 

Fairly  white  surface . 

Surface  very  rough  and  darkened .  . 

White  surface . 

Fairly  white  surface . 

Rough  darkened  surface . 

White  surface  with  granular  texture . 

Rough,  darkened  surface . 

Very  white . 

Slightly  dark . 

Slightly  dark . 

Dark  and  rough . 

Dark  and  rough . 

Surface  dark  and  rough . 

Dark  surface  is  spotting  off  in  places.  Probably  due  to 
second  chalking.t 

Rough  surface.  Transparent . 


Panel 

No. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 
9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 
21 
22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 


Formula 

Wo, 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 
9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 
21 
22* 

23 

24 

25 

26 
27* 
28 

29 

30 

31 

32 

33 

34 

35 

36 


t  In  the  Pittsburgh  district,  after  the  initial  chalking  of  a  paint  has 
progressed,  there  is  observed  in  some  instances  a  darkened  surface. 
This  darkened  surface  is  often  removed  to  a  great  extent  by  the 
progressive  chalking,  or  so-called  “second  chalking  period,”  through 
which  a  paint  will  sometimes  go. 


Pure  Linseed  Oil  used  in  all  Paints. 


( 


Basic  Carbonate-White  Lead .  30%  Results  of  Inspection,  Aug.  29,  1912: 

Zinc  Oxide .  70%  Chalking:  Slight 

- - -  Checking :  Some  lateral  checking 

100%  Condition  :  Fairly  good 
Remarks :  Surface  dark 


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Zinc  Oxide . .  73%  Results  of  Inspection,  Aug.  20,  1012: 

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-  Condition :  Poor 

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10 


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100%  Results  of  Inspection.  Aug.  29,  1912 
Chalking:  Medium 
Checking :  Slight 
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tasic  Sulphate-White  Lead .  100%  Results  of  Inspection,  Aug.  29,  1912: 

Chalking :  Heavy 
Checking :  Very  slight 
General  Conditou :  Good 
Remarks :  White  surface 


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Precipitated  White  Lead .  100%  Results  of  Inspection,  Aug.  20,  1012: 

Chalking :  Medium 
Checking :  Medium 
General  Condition:  Poor 
Remarks:  Rough,  darkened  surface 


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Basic  Carbonate-White  Lead .  100%  Results  of  Inspection,  Aug.  20,  1912: 

Chalking:  Considerable 

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Calcium  Carbonate .  15%  Checking:  Considerable 

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